The official reports on doping behavior in kickboxing are alarming, but there have been no empirical studies that examined this problem directly. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, gender differences and covariates of potential-doping-behavior, in kickboxing athletes. A total of 130 high-level kickboxing athletes (92 males, 21.37 ± 4.83 years of age, 8.39 ± 5.73 years of t...

PURPOSE Many articles describe the antegrade continence enemas (ACEs), but few refer to a bowel management program. A successful ACE may not help a patient without such management. Valuable lessons were learned by implementation of bowel management in 495 fecally incontinent patients. METHODS We previously reported 201 patients. Thereafter, another 294 patients participated in our program. On...

Objectives: High prevalence of stimulants use –especially crystalline methamphetamine (crystal meth)-, which required extensive medical and rehabilitation interventions is a major problem in Iran’s health care system. Main objective of the current study was to compare social, economic and cultural factors associated with female’s tendency toward use of two main types of drugs including opium an...

Purpose The study aims to analyze the influence of hedonic, utilitarian, and self-esteem motivations on online shopping behavior. Likewise, mediating role impulsive intentions is also analyzed. Design/methodology/approach was carried out with results a survey in which 450 respondents participated, data analyzed by using structural equation modeling (SmartPLS 3.0 software). Findings All hypothes...

â  introduction â  ethnic disputes and collective aggressions are observable in each period of history and are more evident in traditional and nomadic communities. this issue has had many life and property damages in the past and present times and it has also prevented social development to flourish. based on the damages of collective aggression, the researchers attempt to study the fundamental...