BACKGROUND The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is a key brainstem structure that conveys powerful descending influence of the central pain-modulating system on spinal pain transmission and processing. Serotonergic (5-HT) neurons are a major component in the heterogeneous populations of RVM neurons and in the descending pathways from RVM. However, the descending influence of RVM 5-HT neurons ...

A method of electrically stimulating neural elements confined within small volumes of brain at predetermined deep locations without employing probes is considered theoretically. The basic principle of the method is the partial rectification in the focal region of an ultrasonic field of the alternating current that flows in the entire brain, or a major portion thereof, in response to an external...

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging, noninvasive technique of neurostimulation for treating pain. However, the mechanisms and pathways involved in its analgesic effects are poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of direct current stimulation (DCS) on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds and on the activation of the midbrain periaqueductal gr...

From the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II, several researchers in East and South Asia utilized personal environmental variables to establish thermal comfort model. Body temperatures at locations were most input. The collected papers from 2003 2022 analyze progressive development of model by using VOSviewer. results indicate that scant research discusses relationship between multiple ph...

Cylotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), with the chemical formula C3H6N6O6,is an energetic organic molecule used widely in military and industrial commodities ofexplosives. By stimulating RDX through exerting temperature or mechanical conditionssuch as impact or friction, decomposition reaction occurs at a very high rate. Moleculardynamics techniques and LAMMPS code with Rea...