Glucocorticoids are the first-line treatment for active moderate-to-severe and sight-threatening Graves’ orbitopathy. Glucocorticoid therapy, by exerting antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, reduces pain, injection and edema of orbital tissues and provides a substantial relief from optic nerve compression. Although efficiency of both oral and intravenous glucocorticoids is proven, the...

Abstract Background Graves’ orbitopathy has a profound negative impact on quality of life. Surgery is undertaken to preserve vision, correct diplopia and improve aesthetics. We aimed quantify the effect different surgical approaches Method Electronic databases were used from inception until 22nd March 2021 identify studies assessing life pre- post-surgical intervention for orbitopathy. Two revi...