Quercetin, a dietary flavonoid abundant in fruits, vegetables, and herbs, presents various pharmacological effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and the underlying mechanism of quercetin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cell viability was measured by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The mRNA expression of Toll...

Several studies have demonstrated the important role of Toll-like receptors in various parasitic infections. This study aims to explore expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and related cytokines in patients with human cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). 78 subjects including AE group (N = 28), CE group (N = 22), and healthy controls (HC, N = 28) were enrolled in thi...

INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate signaling that triggers activation of the innate immune system, whereas heme oxygenase (HO)-1 (an inducible heme-degrading enzyme that is induced by various stresses) suppresses inflammatory responses. We investigated the interaction between TLR and HO-1 in an inflammatory disorder, namely Behçet's disease. METHODS Thirty-three patients with Beh...

BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical components in the regulation of pulmonary immune responses and the recognition of respiratory pathogens such as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M.tb). Through examination of human alveolar macrophages this study attempts to better define the expression profiles of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the human lung compartment which are as yet still poorly defin...

background: to report a case of orbital dirofilariasis from a patient in abadan city southwest iran. case report: a 54- year- old woman referred to abadan oil company hospital, southwest iran with the symptoms of tearing, irritation, swelling, and itching of the right eye. in ophthalmoscopy, a live worm was observed in sub- conjunctival space. the worm was removed and sent to the laboratory. th...

The specific signals mediating the activation of microglia and astrocytes as a prelude to, or consequence of, CNS inflammation continue to be defined. We investigated TLRs as novel receptors mediating innate immune responses in human glial cells. We find that microglia express mRNA for TLRs 1-9, whereas astrocytes express robust TLR3, low-level TLR 1, 4, 5, and 9, and rare-to-undetectable TLR 2...

BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an innate immune receptor, is suspected to play a key role in the postprandial inflammation that is induced by a high-fat meal rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA). Our objective was to test this hypothesis by using a specific competitive inhibitor of TLR4 (INH) vs vehicle (VEH) administered immediately before a high-SFA meal in rats. METHODS First, in a...

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a constitutively active regulatory enzyme that is important in cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases. While GSK3α is usually important in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases GSK3β is fundamental in the inflammatory response caused by bacterial components. Peptidoglycan (PGN), one of the most abundant cell-wa...

OBJECTIVES The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) has attracted considerable attention for its anti-inflammatory properties; however, Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways have an essential proinflammatory role in acute pancreatitis (AP). This study aimed to evaluate the attenuation of inflammation by PPAR-α and to investigate the interaction between PPAR-α and TLR pathways in AP...

BACKGROUND Composition of organic dust is very complex, involving particles of microbial, animal and plant origin. Several environmental exposure studies associate microbial cell wall agents in organic dust with various respiratory symptoms and diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effects of the co-exposure of fungal cell wall agents (FCWAs) and bacterial lipop...