The electric systems of at least the three largest investor owned utilities (IOUs) in California are scheduled to be combined into a single, more competitive, market structure by January, 1998. This article discusses the proposed organization of the transmission and spot energy markets of this industry, and describes some of the major ambiguities remaining in the current proposals. The focus on...

Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has become an alternative method of computing a variety of fluid flows, ranging from low Reynolds number laminar flows to highly turbulent flows. For turbulent flows, non-uniform grids are preferred. Taylor series expansionand least-squares-based LBM (TLLBM) is an effective and convenient way to extend standard LBM to be used on arbitrary meshes. In order to show ...

In order to evaluate transport properties in turbulent premixed flames, a propagating turbulent premixed flame in an incoming homogeneous isotropic turbulence is directly simulated assuming a single-step irreversible Arrhenius-type reaction. To investigate the production of turbulent kinetic energy in the flame region, Favre averaged transport equation of turbulent kinetic energy along streamwi...

The direct numerical simulation (DNS) of heat transfer in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow with for various Prandtle numbers are performed to obtain statistical quantities such as turbulent heat flux, and temperature variance. Main emphasis is placed on Prandtl number effects on turbulent heat transfer in pipe flow. Probability density functions and joint probability density functions of v...

The acoustic power injected by turbulent convection into solar-like oscillations depends on the details of the turbulent spectrum. A theoretical formulation for the oscillation power is developed which generalizes previous ones. The formulation is first calibrated on a solar model in such a way as to reproduce the solar seismic data. This allows to investigate different assumptions about the st...

The turbulent potential model is a Reynolds averaged (RANS) turbulence model that is theoretically capable of capturing non-equilibrium turbulent flows at a computational cost and complexity comparable to two-equation models. The ability of the turbulent potential model to accurately predict nonequilibrium turbulent flows is evaluated in this work. The flow in a spanwise driven channel flow and...

Abstract Aiming at the low sensitivity of weak turbulent wake detection underwater vehicles, studied laser propagation characteristics in turbulence, and then proposed a method based on statistical scintillation peak Gaussian vortex beam for detecting turbulence fluctuation. According to refractive index power spectrum flume, intensity distribution images propagating through flume are simulated...

mixed convection is a fundamentally significant heat transfer mechanism that occurs in selection industrial and technological applications. in this study, first the laminar mixed convection inside rectangular enclosure with moving wall and aspect ratio=10 is modeled and then the results are compared with other investigate. after showing varity of results, the investigation is continued with tur...