the attribute of divine wisdom is applied in shi‘ite theology to prove some religious beliefs. shi‘ite theologians believe that providing the tools needed to achieve the divine purpose of the human beings’ creation and removing the obstacles to it is necessary to god. using logical analyses, this research investigates the sufficiency of the arguments based on divine wisdom in relation to the pr...

Article history: Received 8 November 2006 Received in revised form 13 November 2008 Accepted 17 November 2008 Available online 24 November 2008

We explore an approach to reasoning about causes via argumentation. We consider a causal model for a physical system, and we look for arguments about facts. Some arguments are meant to provide explanations of facts whereas some challenge these explanations and so on. At the root of argumentation here, are causal links ({A1, · · · , An} causes B) and also ontological links (c1 is a c2). We intro...

The external argument theory of Douady and Hubbard allows us to know both the potential and the field-lines in the exterior of the Mandelbrot set. Nonetheless, there are no explicit formulae to operate with external arguments, and the external argument theory is difficult to apply. In this paper we introduce some tools in order to obtain formulae to operate with external arguments in the Mandel...

This paper is about the situation in which an author (writer or speaker) presents a deductively invalid argument, but the addressee aims at a charitable interpretation and has reason to assume that the author intends to present a valid argument. How can he go about interpreting the author’s reasoning as enthymematically valid? We suggest replacing the usual find-the-missingpremise approaches by...

in this study, total factor productivity growth of iran’s pulses (including irrigated pea, dry pea, irrigated lentil, dry lentil, irrigated soybean, dry soybean and irrigated bean) during of farming years 1989-1990 though 2007-2008 had been analyzed, using nonparametric malmquist approach. so, amounts of inputs usages include seeds, fertilizers, dung, poison, herbicide, labor, water and acreage...

Flow-rate measurement in rivers under different conditions is required for river management purposes including water resources planning, pollution prevention, and flood control. This study proposed a new discharge estimation method by using a mean velocity derived from a 2D velocity distribution formula based on Tsallis entropy concept. This procedure is done based on several factors which refl...