demand and supply of water in iran is unbalanced. this situation has caused a great challenge in water resources management. in order to overcome this problem, the role of international trade of virtual water has been ignored. virtual water trade is one of the key solutions for water scarcity. each country should adapt virtual water trade based upon its socio-cultural, economical, and climatic ...

caspian sea is the largest enclosed body of water on the earth. since the collapse of soviet union in 1991 and discovering large oil and gas fields, some issues such as political, economic and environmental events, made the caspian sea important. the ecology of the sea are being endangered due to several issues such as petroleum extraction, river and sea pollutions, water level rise, biological...

Urbanization is the process in which green space (fields, trees, wetlands, etc.) is converted into black space (concrete and asphalt). Urbanization occurs because people move from rural areas to urban areas. This usually occurs when a country is still developing. Slums and its consequences of overcrowding lack of sanitation, global warming, air pollution, water pollution and loss of forest cove...

investigating urban environmental conditions, informs us about the unsustainability and excessivedegradation of ecological context, which result in rising environmental concerns among the society. classifiedinformation about the status and trends of environmental components is needed as a rational tool to help urbansustainable planning and soer reports can help provide such information. prepari...

swelling urban populations and increasing number of industry and especially automobiles in and around cities have resulted in adverse effect on human health. one of the most important things regarding air pollution in these days is that the number of motor vehicles has increased, and the resulting problems of new types of air pollution on large scale need to be emphasized in large cities.the gr...

The subject of ecology is the understanding relations among living organisms and their interactions with abiotic environment. need to quantify ecological phenomena requires development mathematical tools, including indices, statistical procedures simulation models. Some these tools have been found be convenient by many scientists policy makers in related scientific disciplines express marine po...

The context of urban rivers is one pollution their courses, the degradation riparian habitats, loss biodiversity, and marginalization human populations that live next to them. Due growth, hydrological dynamics in entire basins hydromorphology are changing. This situation increases flooding, decreases availability water for use, disconnects from city. Agroforestry integration cultural, wild, dom...