BACKGROUND Ultrasonography with 20 MHz frequency can be used to estimate tumour thickness preoperatively in malignant melanoma (MM) of the skin. The vertical invasion depth is the single most important prognostic factor for localised MM, and its preoperative knowledge would be very useful for the planning of surgical procedures. Since ultrasonographic distance measurements directly depend upon ...

This paper presents the use of genetic programming (GP) as a tool to predict pier scour depths based on clear-water conditions of laboratory measurements by past researchers. Four main dimensionless parameterspier width, approaching flow depth, threshold flow velocity, and channel open-ratio are considered for predicting the scour depth. The performance of the GP equation is verified by compa...

Negative surges can be caused by a sudden change in flow resulting from a decrease in water depth. In the present study, some physical experiments were conducted in a rectangular channel to characterize the unsteady free-surface profile and longitudinal velocity beneath a negative surge propagating upstream. The physical observations showed that, during the first initial instants, the celerity ...

Combined analysis of high-resolution seismic images of the Alaska and Cascadia subduction zones reveals where metamorphic fl uids are released. Both images show the subducted oceanic crust as a dipping low-velocity layer with a clear termination depth. However, in Alaska the crust is thicker (15–20 km compared to 8 km) and terminates at greater depth (120 km compared to 40 km) than in Cascadia....

At the Cascadia margin the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting beneath the North America plate, causing active seismicity within both plates. Earthquakes occur down to a maximum depth of 80 km within the descending oceanic plate and to about 30 km in the overriding continental plate. We use a method of seismic tomography to invert 28,230 P wave arrival times from 2666 local earthquakes that occurr...

Railway structures are one of the most important structures in transportation. So the lack of precise study of their dynamic behavior leads to irreparable damages. The significant factors contributing to the accurate analysis of the dynamic behavior of railways are the type of load and foundation used in it. In this study, an Euler-Bernoulli beam subjected to a moving load on a finite depth fou...

0894-1777/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier Inc. A doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.01.031 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 513 529 0718; fax E-mail address: [email protected] (A.D. Som 1 Tel.: +1 513 529 1933; fax: +1 513 529 5629. Air-flow induced water droplet movement on micro-patterned aluminum surfaces consisting of parallel grooves tens of microns in width and depth is considered, and ...

quantification of the habitat available for fish species named rainbow trout (oncorhynchusmykiss) were evaluated in lees ferry, colorado river using water depth, water temperature, sediment transport,flow velocity in 2004 as environmental index. for the flow velocity and temperature distribution calculationsin the river, the navier-stokes equation and energy conservation equations with finite v...

Environmental factors that can affect the settlement rate of quagga mussel veligers include flow velocity, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), and the surface roughness of monitoring substrates. In the present study, six artificial substrates, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, Concrete Und...