This paper examines the welfare implications of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) from the perspective of small countries in the context of a multi-country, general equilibrium model. We calibrate our model to represent one relatively small country and two symmetric big countries. We consider two cases. In one case, the small country is an “innocent bystander,” that is, it is left out of a P...

This paper investigates the relationship between intra-industry trade (IIT) and immigration flows using a gravity model for the period 2000-2010 between Portugal and European Union’s Member States (EU-27). The present study uses the methodology of Kandogan (2003) for separating IIT into its components horizontal (HIIT) and vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT).Using a panel data approach, our st...

Will continual expansion of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) lead to global free trade? In the presence of multilateral negotiations, are PTAs necessary for, or will they necessarily lead away from, global free trade? This paper shows both answers depend crucially on a commitment problem faced by PTA members. Because the commitment problem revolves around a desire to commit to not form futu...

A number of theoretical studies have predicted that preferential trade agreements (PTAs) raise outside multinationals’ incentive to invest in the participating countries, especially in those that are integrated with larger markets and have lower production costs. The hypothesis has, however, not been tested empirically. This paper addresses the issue by estimating the impact of PTAs on countrie...

‎a $mu$-way $(v,k,t)$ $trade$ of volume $m$ consists of $mu$‎ ‎disjoint collections $t_1$‎, ‎$t_2‎, ‎dots t_{mu}$‎, ‎each of $m$‎ ‎blocks‎, ‎such that for every $t$-subset of $v$-set $v$ the number of‎ ‎blocks containing this t-subset is the same in each $t_i (1leq‎ ‎i leq mu)$‎. ‎in other words any pair of collections ${t_i,t_j}$‎, ‎$1leq i< j leq mu‎$ is a $(v,k,t)$ trade of volume $m$. in th...

To explore the concept of connectivity and trade relativity (CTR), this paper presents a research model to illustrate: (1) the impact of shipping connectivity on two types of trade flows, and (2) the mediating effect of intra-regional trade (“intra-trade”) on the relationship between shipping connectivity and extra-regional trade (“extra-trade”). Understanding the relationships among shipping c...

present paper is an attempt to estimate the impact of economic and geographic indicators in trade among islamic countries according to a bilateral trade model as gravity model, and study the relationship between economy, geography and trade in this way. fixed effect version of the panel data estimation producer with oic member country data spanning over the 2007–2012. the result of this researc...

Prospective studies of the potential health consequences of trade and investment treaties, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, are critical. These studies can make visible to trade policy-makers the potential negative impacts associated to such treaties and can influence the outcomes of such negotiations. However, few researchers have examined retrospectively the consequences of trade agreem...

This article investigates the relationship between the exchange rate and non-oil trade balance in Iran between 1981 and 2014. A structural vector auto-regression model is built. The results indicated that the increasing effect of the real effective exchange rate worsens the non-oil trade balance in the short term. In contrast, the increasing effect of the real effective exchange rate improves t...