Peng Bin 1,2,* and Marco Vassallo 3 1 School of International Studies, University of Trento, Via Tommaso Gar 14, Trento 38122, Italy 2 College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China 3 Agricultural Research Council (CRA), Via Ardeatina 546, Rome 00178, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-046-128-3132 † An initial versio...

This paper examines the phenomenon of profit-increasing consumer exit, and the related phenomenon of profit-decreasing consumer entry. We demonstrate that firms can be better off in shrinking markets and worse off in growing markets, even in the absence of competitive entry or exit. Specifically, firms may benefit if a segment of consumers who are relatively indifferent about consuming any prod...

There are many methods introduced to solve the credit scoring problem such as support vector machines, neural networks and rule based classifiers. Rule bases are more favourite in credit decision making because of their ability to explicitly distinguish between good and bad applicants.In this paper multi-objective particle swarm is applied to optimize fuzzy apriori rule base in credit scoring. ...

We explore how credit market frictions matter for the coessentiality of money and credit. Limited commitment calls limits that are tailored according to borrowers' productivity. Under an adverse selection problem caused by asymmetric information, however, lenders impose limit low-productivity borrower onto high-productivity borrower. If productivities differ sufficiently between borrowers, is c...

one of the questions that has been ignored in letter of credit is a problem of assignment of proceeds in letter of credit that has been discussed generally below the transfer of lc subject, but has differed with it. so in this article, the author has tried to use the words assignment and transfer exactly in their place to clear the existent differences. at first, the writer’s hypothesis was tha...