Clinical results recently demonstrated improvement in lesion blanching using local vacuum to target small vessels in port wine stains (PWS) birthmarks laser therapy. The release of cryogen spurts under vacuum pressures may also offer many advantages to this therapeutic procedure due to different spray-surface interactions under vacuum conditions, which may lead to enhanced heat transfer. The ob...

Sulphuric acid is a key component in atmospheric new particle formation. However, sulphuric acid alone does not form stable enough clusters to initiate particle formation in atmospheric conditions. Strong bases, such as amines, have been suggested to stabilize sulphuric acid clusters and thus participate in particle formation. We modelled the formation rate of clusters with two sulphuric acid a...

The grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) was developed in and has been evaluated since early 2004. Although the model shows its ability in simulating the global climate, it suffers from some problems in simulating precipitation in the tropics. These biases seem to result mainly from the treatment of the subgrid scale convection, which is parameterized with Tiedtke’s massflux scheme ...

Climate is a complex abstract concept, and, since the appearance of climatology as a science, many definitions of the concept have been given. In this chapter, when speaking about the climate of an area, we shall mean the naturally determined regime that creates the weather sequence in the area, conditioned by solar radiation, underlying surface, atmospheric circulation and other controlling fa...

Climate is constantly changing, and the signals indicating that changes are occurring can be evaluated over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Climate can be viewed as an integration of complex weather conditions averaged over a significant area of the Earth (typically on the order of 100 km2 or more), expressed in terms of both the mean of weather represented by properties such as tempera...

The present study shows the effects of environmental conditions (atmospheric temperature, pressure and relative humidity) due to altitude changes on performance, fuel consumption emissions in a naturally aspirated diesel engine. Due altitude, atmospheric are altered, mainly air density, associated hydrostatic pressure, temperature profile humidity nitrogen/oxygen ratio, thus modifying engine in...