olonies but not from pUB110-transformed colonies (Fig. ). This is consistent with correct expression of the xynA ene contained in pUBxynA. This is the first report of the transformation of B. ubtilis using particle bombardment of submicrometer old particles. The technique offers a means for testing ransformation of recalcitrant bacteria when transformaion has not been possible through other mea...

Agrobacterium rhizogenes (pRi), a causative agent of hairy root disease, effectively induces hairy root formation in a variety of plant species. In our study four bacterial strains AR15834, A4, 9435 and C318 and three explants types leaf, stems and roots, were examined. Hairy roots were induced from roots, stems and leaf explants. The highest transformation efficiency of 77% was achieved by usi...

Introduction: Gene expression and purification of luciferases from the firefly, Lampyris turkestanicus, and optimization of cellular ATP measurements were performed. Methods: cDNA encoding luciferases from Lampyris turkestanicus was transferred from pQE30 vector into pET28a expression vector and pLtu28 was built. Newly constructed vector was expressed in E. coli XL1 Blue and the recombinant l...

the central role of dendritic cells (dcs) as bridging innate and adaptive immunity leads to the expanding use of these cells in the poultry vaccine studies. the most effective way to produce enough dcs is monocyte transformation by combined induction of interleukin-4 (il-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf). in this study full length of chicken il-4 (cil-4) cdna was ...

Campylobacter jejuni is a human bacterial pathogen. While poultry is considered to be a major source of food borne campylobacteriosis, C. jejuni is frequently found in the external environment, and water is another well-known source of human infections. Natural transformation is considered to be one of the main mechanisms for mediating transfer of genetic material and evolution of the organism....

Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are distinct genetic elements on the chromosomes of a large number of bacterial pathogens. PAIs encode various virulence factors and are normally absent from non-pathogenic strains of the same or closely related species. PAIs are considered to be a subclass of genomic islands that are acquired by horizontal gene transfer via transduction, conjugation and transformat...