Experiments were designed to examine the role of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in a purely isometric exercise (hand-grip dynamometer) using the human arm as an in vivo model, since the literature contains very little information concerning the contribution of this phosphate in such exercise. 2,3-DPG provides a compensatory adjustment to facilitate oxygen delivery during hypoxic c...

Sepsis is very common and lethal. Sepsis is the leading cause of death in non-coronary Intensive Care Units, and the tenth leading cause of death overall. Red blood cell transfusion is one of the most commonly used interventions in the ICU to treat severe anemia, which often occurs in sepsis. Several problems were documented with RBC transfusions and will be reviewed, such as infection, pulmona...

Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrier in the blood and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Human normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A) is a C2-symmetric tetrameric protein of approximately 65 kD, consisting of two 141-residue α-chains and two 146-residue β-chains. Each globin chain contains a heme group ligating one ferrous iron, which can combine reversibly with gaseous molec...

The study of the effect of obstacles on flow and dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer is one of the most important topics in atmospheric dispersion research. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods are increasingly used to predict concentration fields near buildings in an operational context, but extensive validations are still needed. In this paper, we analyse the effect on flow and...

Sepsis is very common and lethal. Sepsis is the leading cause of death in non-coronary Intensive Care Units, and the tenth leading cause of death overall. Red blood cell transfusion is one of the most commonly used interventions in the ICU to treat severe anemia, which often occurs in sepsis. Several problems were documented with RBC transfusions and will be reviewed, such as infection, pulmona...

The past year dealing with and caring for patients diagnosed COVID-19 has been challenging nurses. Indeed, not only have nurses died consequent to contracting the virus but they also are experiencing psychological trauma at increased rates (International Council of Nurses, 2021). presence healthcare inequities systemic racism compounded this trauma. International Nurses recently reported prelim...

A human red cell, mature and released from the bone marrow, lacks a nucleus and mitochondria. It has a life span of 120 days, after which it is removed from the circulation in the natural course of aging. It picks up oxygen in a third of a second transit of the alveolar capillary and delivers oxygen through capillaries with a smaller diameter than its own. It can neither use oxygen for the extr...