Transportation is the largest end-use contributor toward global warming in the United States and many other developed countries. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE 2009 ) calculates that CO 2 emissions from transportation surpassed two billion metric tons in 2007. Yet a survey by Golicic et al. ( 2010 ) fi nds that fewer than 10% of Fortune 500 companies have addressed the environmental impacts...

Animals are exposed, in the natural environment, to a range of human activity related dissolved chemicals that are potentially impacting on their fitness. The animals responses to such stress determines its fitness, physiology and in case of chemical signals also its behaviour. If physical or chemical changes in the ecosystem make the detection of such a chemical impossible, then it can be reas...

Introduction. The Iberian Peninsula (IP) experienced unusual meteorological conditions in winter and spring 2015/16 (WS15/16) with a warm winter followed by wet conditions in late winter and spring (Figs. 16.1a–c). The unusual succession of these events coincided with an extremely positive anomaly in vegetation productivity on local and regional scales over the IP with unusually high regional v...

The impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on marine species will be complex and involve both direct and indirect effects (Kroeker et al. 2013). As with other environmental stressors, the consequences of ocean acidification (OA) are likely to be variable, not only among species but also within species, with some individuals showing greater tolerance to low pH conditions (Doney et al....

The previous chapter discussed the emergence of concerns for diminishing flows in rivers during the 1950s in the USA and the consequential evolution of the concept of environmental flows. Parallel developments occurred worldwide in the understanding of river ecosystems (see chapter 2) and the impacts of flow regulation on ecosystem components other than fish (chapter 4). Accordingly, the method...

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been implicated as a major environmental factor in the pathogenesis of photoaging and skin cancers including melanoma. Hypermelanosis induced by UVR has been previously suggested to associate with melanomageneis, although the role of UVR in the development of melanoma is complicated since melanogenesis may depend on several factors such as skin type, genetic infl...

Aquaculture of extractive species, such as bivalves and macroalgae, already supplies a large amount of the production consumed worldwide, and further production is steadily increasing. Moving aquaculture operations off the coast as well as combining various uses at one site, commonly called multi-use aquaculture, is still in its infancy. Various projects worldwide, pioneered in Germany and late...

The rapid expansion of oil sands production in northern Alberta is under scrutiny worldwide due to concerns about its environmental, social, and economic impacts. Environmental concerns include climate change impacts from CO2 emissionsalongwithmore local environmental impacts such as dead birds, cancer clusters, and destruction of boreal forests.Within Canada, oil sands have become an important...