During early embryogenesis in Drosophila, caudal mRNA is distributed as a gradient with its highest level at the posterior of the embryo. This suggests that the Caudal homeodomain transcription factor might play a role in establishing the posterior domains of the embryo that undergo gastrulation and give rise to the posterior gut. By generating embryos lacking both the maternal and zygotic mRNA...

Alternative hypotheses had been advanced as to the components forming the elongate fin coursing along the ventral margin of much of the body and tail from behind the abdominal region to the posterior margin of the tail in the Electric Eel, Electrophorus electricus. Although the original species description indicated that this fin was a composite of the caudal fin plus the elongate anal fin char...

OBJECTIVES Preclinical studies using large animal models play an intergral part in translational research. For this study, our objectives were: to develop and validate arthroscopic approaches to four compartments of the stifle joint as determined via the gross and arthroscopic anatomy of the cranial and caudal aspects of the joint. METHODS Cadaveric hindlimbs (n = 39) were harvested from matu...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate a technique for correction of severe caudal septal defects. DESIGN For all patients, preoperative photographs were analyzed and subjective nasal airway patency surveys were conducted. The caudal septal defects were then repaired with the cartilage "plating" rigid fixation technique. The intraoperative findings were documented in pictorial diagrams. Postoperative photogra...

Retinoic acid receptor gamma 2 (RARγ2) is the major RAR isoform expressed throughout the caudal axial progenitor domain in vertebrates. During a microarray screen to identify RAR targets, we identified a subset of genes that pattern caudal structures or promote axial elongation and are upregulated by increased RARmediated repression. Previous studies have suggested that RAR is present in the ca...

Background: Caudal block is a common technique for paediatric analgesia but has disadvantage of short duration of action after single injection. Various adjuvants were tried with local anaesthetics to prolong duration of post-operative analgesia in caudal block. This prospective study was designed to assess and compare the efficacy of clonidine and dexmedetomidine used as adjuvants to bupivacai...

Retinoic acid receptor gamma 2 (RARγ2) is the major RAR isoform expressed throughout the caudal axial progenitor domain in vertebrates. During a microarray screen to identify RAR targets, we identified a subset of genes that pattern caudal structures or promote axial elongation and are upregulated by increased RARmediated repression. Previous studies have suggested that RAR is present in the ca...

It has been suggested that pain control during intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer is insufficient in most hospitals in Japan. Our hospital began using caudal epidural anesthesia during high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy in 2011. The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively investigate the effects of caudal epidural anesthesia during HDR intracavitary brachy...

OBJECTIVE To describe a technique for reconstructing the lost tip support in cases involving caudal septal and premaxillary deficiencies. METHODS The study included 120 patients with aesthetic and functional nasal problems resulting from the loss of caudal septal and premaxillary support. An external rhinoplasty approach was performed to reconstruct the lost support using a cartilaginous caud...

A new diagnosis and a classification of Heptapterus are provided species, H. carmelitanorum , is described. diagnosed by the following character combination: adipose fin confluent with caudal fin; non-bifurcate anal-fin insertion posterior to vertical through adipose-fin insertion; 10–23 rays; anal not extremely elongate body, head length 16.1–24.9%SL. Species included in borodini carnatus exil...