Evaluating the potential reward and risk associated with a choice of action plays an important role in everyday decision making. However, the details behind how reward and risk affect the decisions for actions remain unclear. The present study investigates the influence of reward and risk on a decision to make a speeded motor response. One hundred and ten college students performed a Speed-Rewa...

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present research was to examine associations between poor driving behaviour (DB), driving when fatigued (DF), risk taking (RT) and road traffic accidents (RTAs). DESIGN The study involved a cross-sectional online survey of clients of an insurance company. The survey measured DB (speeding, distraction, lapses of attention and aggression), RT and frequency of driving wh...

This paper shows that managers’ personal beliefs and individual characteristics explain a large share of the substantial time-variation of derivatives use beyond firm, industry, and market fundamentals. We construct a panel data set of foreign currency derivatives holdings and currency exposures for U.S. non-financial firms. We use a novel approach to build a firm-specific foreign exchange retu...

Although stock options are commonly observed in chief executive officer (CEO) compensation contracts, there is theoretical controversy about whether stock options are part of the optimal contract. Using a sample of Fortune 500 companies, we solve an agency model calibrated to the company-specific data and we find that stock options are almost always part of the optimal contract. This result is ...

Background and Objective: The increasing demand for the discovery of next-generation antimicrobials necessitates the use of plant extracts as alternatives. This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of extracted cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and commercial cinnamaldehyde (CN) against foodborne pathogens. Methods: Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to screen the antimicrobial pot...

Despite intense scrutiny from investors, markets, and regulators, many public companies have no formal succession plans. Anecdotal evidence links risk to significant value destruction, but there is limited academic research evaluating the effects of planning on chief executive officer (CEO) turnover outcomes. We provide that reduces cost management transitions by improving their efficiency. Fir...

While much research on adolescent risk behaviour has focused on the development of prefrontal self-regulatory mechanisms, prior studies have elicited mixed evidence of a relationship between individual differences in the capacity for self-regulation and individual differences in risk taking. To explain these inconsistent findings, it has been suggested that the capacity for self-regulation may ...

BACKGROUND Accidents with small arms and munitions during deployment is a significant safety concern for leaders and safety specialists in combat units. Operational stress may lead to forms of unacceptable risk taking with small arms that may underlie some of these accidents. The present research studied the correlation between two dimensions of operational stress, two forms of risk taking with...

Bullying and risky behavior are two common problems among adolescents and can strongly affect a youth's overall functioning when both coexist. Some studies suggest that bullying in adolescence may promote risky behavior as a coping strategy to deal with victimization related stress. Other studies consider bullying as an outcome of high-risk behavior. Despite the association between the two is w...

The prevailing view in the field of adolescent brain development is that heightened activity in the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system serves as a liability, orienting adolescents toward risky behaviors, increasing their sensitivity to social evaluation and loss, and resulting in compromised well-being. Several findings inconsistent with this deficit view challenge the perspective that adole...