American ginseng (derived from Panax quinquefolius) is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world. Because of its high price and increasing demand, there are many adulterants on the market. The proposed internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) has been used to identify raw medicinal materials, but it is not suitable for the identification of Chinese patent medicine ingredients. Theref...

In a manufacturing context, a product is moved through different placements orsites before it reaches the final customer. Each of these sites have different functions, e.g.creation, storage, retailing, etc. In this scenario, traceability data describes in a rich waythe events a product undergoes in the whole supply chain (from factory to consumer) byrecording temporal and spatia...

The paper is a part of the author’s larger research on history restoration Limoges painted enamels in end 19th and beginning 20th century Paris. It treats about well-documented case French restorer merchant Simon-Emérique Pierrat, accused 1858 for selling false to members Rothschild family. transcript this process sheds light methods approaches used by some XIXth forgers field applied arts. Due...

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) surveys repeatedly indicate significant consumer interest in products and services of businesses that follow virtuous business practices. Yet the existence of a causal relationship between company responsibility and its financial performance is a contested area, and clear evidence that CSR would create a competitive advantage is missing. As ethical evaluati...

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify active ingredients present in counterfeit drugs and pharmaceutical preparations seized from the black market among bodybuilders. Preparations in closed or sealed packaging with different batch numbers (n = 74) and two preparations without labels were analyzed. Methods: The identification scheme was based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography w...

Globalisation has facilitated different industries to eliminate geographical boundaries and equipped organisations work collectively produce goods. Pharmaceuticals is one such industry which majorly benefited from globalisation reduce costs increase profitability at aspects of research, development, manufacturing drugs finally distribution drugs. not only reduces increases profits for the indus...

• A novel thermography inspection post-processing scheme for electronic components. breakthrough in internal structure highly-integrated and encapsulated investigation of sliding window embedded detection contrast enhancement thermography. structural identification screening tool the unverified components cost-effectively. Electronic supply chain vulnerability has been threatened by counterfeit...

BACKGROUND Since artesunate (ART) became a vital component of artemisinin (ARM)-based combination therapies for the treatment for malaria, counterfeit ART drugs have spread in regions of Southeast Asia and Africa. The consumption of counterfeit ART drugs has resulted in the death of many patients. Thus, evaluating the quality of ART drugs is needed. There are several methods for quantitating th...

BACKGROUND Recent investigations by the Ministry of Health of Cambodia suggest that counterfeit medicines have been introduced into the pharmaceutical market in tampered packaging. To further explore this possibility, an interview survey was conducted at the wholesaler level to investigate the medicinal supply chain in Cambodia. METHODS Managing executives of 62 (83.8%) registered wholesalers...