This study examines whether the order of potential outcomes influences risky decision-making. It is found that individuals select riskier alternatives much more frequently when the outcomes for each alternative gamble are specified from worst to best than when they are given from best to worst. This observed outcome order effect is more consistent with a change in the shape of the probability w...

artificial neural networks are used in many smart apparatus and different fields such as signal processing pattern diagnoses, military systems, medicine, financial systems, and artificial intelligence. in this article using quality of neural networks in optimizing energy cost in moving limb and its effectiveness in organization a cognitive function founded by presenting an algorithm for use in ...

There is growing interest in understanding the psychology of the poor—biases that may affect decision-making are of particular interest. The sheer diversity of potential biases—hyperbolic discounting, probabilistic, and judgmental errors just to name a few—poses a key challenge. These psychological biases cannot easily be put into a common unit such as money spent. However, two insights from ps...

Diagnostic errors are responsible for a significant number of adverse events. Logical reasoning and good decision-making skills are key factors in reducing such errors, but little emphasis has traditionally been placed on how these thought processes occur, and how errors could be minimised. In this article, we explore key cognitive ideas that underpin clinical decision making and suggest that b...

The constant conflict between decisions leading to immediate pleasurable consequences versus behaviors aiming at long-term social advantages is reviewed here in the framework of the evolutionary systems regulating behavior. The inescapable temporal perspective in decision-making in everyday life is highlighted and integrated with the role of the executive functions in the modulation of subcorti...

one of the most important strategies for governments to increase the efficiency of different economic sectors, including public services such as water, is to protect and strengthen the private sector. bot and boo contracts are among the most common and popular procedures of development of participation and investment from private sector. in this context, providing a good basis for the selection...

a characteristic of data envelopment analysis (dea) is to allow individual decision making units (dmus) to select the factor weights which are the most advantageous for them in calculating their efficiency scores. this flexibility in selecting the weights, on the other hand, deters the comparison among dmus on a common base. for dealing with this difficulty and assessing all the dmus on the sam...