To overcome stress, such as resource limitation, an organism often needs to successfully mediate competition with other members of its own species. This may favor the evolution of defective traits that are harmful to the species population as a whole, and that may lead to its dilution or even to its extinction (the tragedy of the commons). Here, we show that this phenomenon can be circumvented ...

The paper develops an order quantity model with trade credit plus shortages under learning effects for deteriorating imperfect quality products. Generally, when the lot has items, inspection of a is necessary to improve lot. In this article, seller provides defective his buyer financing scheme, and after that separates whole screening process into two categories, one other non-defective items. ...

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS, the Bureau) projections for the U.S. economy during the 2000–10 decade reflect continued growth. Gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to reach $12.8 trillion in chained 1996 dollars by the end of the decade, an increase of $3.6 trillion over the period. Rising by an average annual rate of 3.4 percent, GDP is projected to grow faster than the 3.2percent a...

the overall aim of the present study was to estimate the time series of agricultural employment in the gilan province during 1976-2011, and modeling and forecasting employment using artificial neural networks for years 2012-2019. for this purpose, employment series calculated by interpolation and input variables selected based on previous theoretical and empirical research. finally, number of a...

in this model, we establish an inventory model to determine the optimal inventory replenishment scheme for the economic production quantity (epq) model for imperfect, deteriorating items with sales return service under multiple production and rework setup. in one cycle, production process can produces the products in m production setups and reworks the defective items in one rework setup. the c...

PURPOSES To establish the visually impaired resource class users profile in the city of Assis - SP, to estimate the visually impaired employment percentage and to compare employment rate with age, gender, deficiency type and causing disease between two periods:1984 - 1996 and 1997 - 2009. METHODS Retrospective review of both medical and school records from visually impaired individuals attend...

In 1999, nearly two-fifths of births in Britain were outside marriage. This study estimates the impact of employment opportunities in the local labour market on the probability that a childless never married woman has a birth outside marriage. It uses the unemployment rate in the travel-to-work area in which the woman lives as the indicator of employment opportunities. The estimates indicate po...

This paper revisits the discussion about the contribution of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth to Indonesia’s economic growth during 1971-2005. It re-estimates the contribution of TFP to economic growth during this period on the basis of new estimates of GDP, capital stock, education-adjusted employment, and factor income shares. After accounting for the growth of capital stock and educati...