Reference-based pricing is a controversial policy mechanism used to control pharmaceutical expenditures. After its implementation in some European countries, the British Columbia government introduced a version of reference-based pricing in October 1995. The authors reviewed previous studies of reference-based pricing in other countries and conducted a preliminary assessment of the impacts of t...

Drug development as a sensitive thermometer represents the scientific and technical power-engines for any countries. As a result, drug manufacture (highly competitive area) is pillar industry for small-range of developed countries and highest medical expenditures worldwide. Nonetheless, new anticancer drug discovery, development and manufacture were entering into bottleneck stage two decades ag...

background : inequality in households’ payments on food and health expenditures presents the accessibility and utili-zation patterns between them. this study investigated the iranian rural and urban households’ inequality in payments on food and out-of-pocket health expenditures from 1998 to 2012. methods : this descriptive study was conducted through the analysis of iranian statistics centre d...

ARQUIVOS DE MEDICINA, 22(2/3):69-74 Drug utilization studies aim to evaluate factors related to the prescribing, dispensing, administering and taking of medication, and its associated events (either beneficial or adverse). Since the early 1960’s the interest in Drug Utilization Studies has been increasing, first with market-only purposes, then for evaluating the quality of medical prescription ...

We use data from seven low and middle income countries with diverse drug procurement systems to assess the effect of centralized on prices, provide a theoretical mechanism that explains this effect. Our empirical analysis is based exhaustive sales quantities expenditures over three years for forty important molecules. find drugs by public sector leads lower prices but induced price reduction sm...

In research done three years ago, we considered the social costs of Australian drug policy in 1987−88. There are several components to social costs: the public expenditures by governments, the private expenditures of individual households, and the non-monetary burdens imposed on society. The earlier work attempted to estimate the public and private expenditures on the criminal-justice system an...

Pharmacoeconomics is defined as the science of identifying and comparing costs and the consequences of drug therapy in health care programs. As a sub-discipline of health economics, pharmacoeconomics, is fairly a new research discipline in the world which has come about mainly in response to economic pressures on health systems. The root of this pressure lies in the mismatch of enhanced demand ...