The design of a compliant, safe, and reliable substation earth grid is not straightforward process; in most cases, it requires some additional measures to be taken due various constraints that differ from environment environment, such as soil resistivity, high fault level, limited surface area, construction budget, etc. IEEE Std 80-2013 proposes refinement methods can applied address different ...

Successful operation of entire power system depends to a considerable extent on efficient and satisfactory performance of substations. Hence substations in general can be considered as heart of overall power system. In any substation, a well designed grounding plays an important role. Since absence of safe and effective grounding system can result in mal-operation or non-operation of control an...

A protection scheme is proposed for the 3 kV DC railway, in Kwa-Zulu Natal province, a region with high lightning occurrence density. The surge was sought by implementing three metal-oxide arresters and an overhead ground wire. purpose of these determined their location circuit points that are vulnerable to adverse effects: arrester installed protect insulators between lines supporting metallic...

New geomagnetically induced current (GIC) computations for mainland Portugal include the entire power network, with network parameters and topology provided by transmission grid operator all high voltage lines (150, 220, 400 kV). The first 3D conductivity model west region of Iberian Peninsula, based on 31 broadband magnetotelluric soundings, is used in calculations, revealing effect different ...

Personal samplers or in general blunt body samplers are widely used in occupational hygiene for collecting air contaminants in the work environments. This work is part of an ongoing research into the performance evaluation of personal samplers, particularly in terms of their aerodynamic properties. Velocity profiles have been measured around and within typical cylindrical sampling devices, ...