Shi'ite commentators have always proved Imam Ali`s succession for the Prophet based on the 55 verses of Maidah known as the verse of wilayat. Some Sunnite commentators have put some objections forward against this interpretative approach. Alusi, one Sunni commentator, states that: The Shi'a interpretation of the verse 55 of Maidah leads to the negation of the authority of the other Shi'a Imams....

Verses 172 and 173 of the Chapter Aaraf -known as the verses of the Covenant- are among the most complex verses of the Quran in terms of interpretation. One of the main issues in the interpretation of these verses is the whereabouts of the Covenant. In other words, where has this divine covenant, the contents of which are the divine lordship and the servitude of man, taken place? and where is t...

Changing agricultural experts' attitude toward sustainability principles and perceptions is essential to create sustainable agriculture. Various studies had shown that permanent changes are not easily accessible to maintain ecological values. Therefore preparing effective information channels and precautions leading to communication system firmness are important challenges ahead. The purpose of...

Urban areas are the main consumers of energy resources with a considerable amount of waste in building and transport sectors. This comes about due to inefficient development patterns as well as consumption habits. Towards steering an energy efficiency transformation in cities, it is thus crucial to develop policies, strategies and measures to improve efficiency in these sectors. Hence, not only...