In the following paper, I compare and contrast methods of measuring the amplitude and phase of a short optical pulse over time with techniques that attempt a similar measurement of a optical field over space. Both approaches benefit from considering the energy of an optical wave in a phase space representation, whether in a joint time-frequency representation for short pulses or a space-spatial...

â  in order to determine the snowfall threshold temperature in different regions of kurdistan province, first the occurrence times of the non shower snow, associated with dry-bulb temperature and dew point temperature at the time of observation were extracted for 7 synoptic stations of the province. then, the frequency, relative frequency and cumulative frequency of snowfall in different temper...

Background: We aimed here to investigate the association between alleles and genotypes of APOE and Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) development. Materials and Methods: After ophthalmological examination, 120 patients with confirmed AMD and 120 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The polymorphic segment of APOE gene was PCR-amplified and sequenced to determine the frequency distr...

physical and chemical properties of  crude oil, including viscosity and api gravity, are commonly inherited  from the  early organic matter, environmental conditions in which they were deposited and depth of burial of the source beds. api gravity increases in deeper burial due to higher thermal maturation of organic matter in the source rocks and consequently, generation of lighter saturated hy...

This paper is concerned with a synthesis study of the fast Fourier transform (FFT), the short time Fourier transform (STFT and the Wigner distribution (WD) in analysing the phonocardiogram signal (PCG) or heart cardiac sounds.     The FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) can provide a basic understanding of the frequency contents of the heart sounds. The STFT is obtained by calculating the Fourier tran...