one of the fundamental issues in the ethics of medical researches is cost-benefit assessment which consists a main part of related codes. this article is aimed to propose a model for ethical assessment of researches with judgment about their costs and benefits. after reviewing related materials and our experiences and discussions with experts, we proposed a model for ethical assessment of costs...

The news of the results from 3 recent trials of adjuvant trastuzumab treatment in early breast cancer, showing a large reduction in cancer recurrence in women with HER2-positive (HER2+) disease, is a major success for the concept of targeted therapy using biological agents. Because 20% to 30% of all newly diagnosed women have HER2+ breast cancer, making trastuzumab available to all those who st...

compassion is a complex process that is innate, determined in part by individual traits, and modulated by a myriad of conscious and unconscious factors, immediate context, social structures and expectations, and organizational “culture.” compassion is an ethical foundation of healthcare and a widely shared value; it is not an optional luxury in the healing process. while the interrelations betw...

BACKGROUND Evidence-based research highlights beneficial impacts of dietary fibre on several aspects of the gut pathophysiology that are accompanied by a considerable financial burden in healthcare services. Recommended intakes of dietary fibre may thus associate with financial benefits at a population level. OBJECTIVE We sought to systematically assess the potential annual savings in healthc...