The dehydration of glucose and other hexose carbohydrates to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) was investigated in imidazolium-based ionic liquids with boric acid as a promoter. A yield of up to 42% from glucose and as much as 66% from sucrose was obtained. The yield of HMF decreased as the concentration of boric acid exceeded one equivalent, most likely as a consequence of stronger fructose-bora...

5-HMF was discovered and first synthesised from inulin over a century ago (G. Dull, Chemiker Zeitung, 1895, 216). The substance was first identified in food in the 1950s. It is generated in the process of heating food containing sugar or carbohydrates, the result of a reaction from reducing hexoses in the presence of amino acids or proteins, as described by Maillard in 1912. 5-HMF levels can be...

The 2016 Great Wall International Translational Andrology and Urology Forum, and Huaxia Medical ForumGenitourinary Tumor (HMF-GUT2016 & GITAU2016) will be held at Tianjin Convention Center, Tianjin, China, April 15–17, 2016. Please visit the meeting website (http:// www.gua-hmf2016.com) for more information. HMF-GUT2016 & GITAU2016 is organized by China International Exchange and Promotive Asso...

BACKGROUND Compounds such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) are generated through the dehydration of xylose and glucose, respectively, during dilute-acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass and are also potent microbial growth and fermentation inhibitors. The enzymatic reduction of these furan aldehydes to their corresponding, and less toxic, alcohols is an engineering approac...

BACKGROUND Invasive Cronobacter infection is rare, devastating, and epidemiologically/microbiologically linked to powdered infant formulas (PIFs). In 2002-2004, the US Food and Drug Administration advised health care professionals to minimize PIF and powdered human milk fortifier (HMF)'s preparation, feeding, and storage times and avoid feeding them to hospitalized premature or immunocompromise...

BACKGROUND: Invasive Cronobacter infection is rare, devastating, and epidemiologically/microbiologically linked to powdered infant formulas (PIFs). In 2002–2004, the US Food and Drug Administration advised health care professionals to minimize PIF and powdered human milk fortifier (HMF)’s preparation, feeding, and storage times and avoid feeding them to hospitalized premature or immunocompromis...

We discuss the dynamics and thermodynamics of the Hamiltonian Mean Field model (HMF) which is a prototypical system with long-range interactions. The HMF model can be seen as the one Fourier component of a one-dimensional self-gravitating system. Interestingly, it exhibits many features of real self-gravitating systems (violent relaxation, persistence of metaequilibrium states, slow collisional...

The kinetics of furfural inhibition of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1), aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH; EC 1.2.1.5) and the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex were studied in vitro. At a concentration of less than 2 mM furfural was found to decrease the activity of both PDH and AlDH by more than 90%, whereas the ADH activity decreased by less than 20% at the same concentrati...

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, have been recently shown to be involved in synaptic plasticity and in the development of long-term memory in the central nervous system (CNS). We therefore examined the ability of Citrus compounds to activate ERK1/2 in cultured rat cortical neurons, whose activation ...

The changes in ascorbic acid-(AA) content, hydroxymethylfurfural-(HMF) total color difference-(∆E*) and browning index-(BI) of optimally thermosonicated (59°C-455 J/g) cloudy strawberry nectar during storage (3 months at 4°C) were evaluated. Also, the data obtained modelled. initial AA content (104.86 mg/L) decreased ~99% after storage, while HMF level increased from 20.46 to 494.44 µg/L. signi...