Elucidation of chemical composition of biooil is essentially important to evaluate the process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCBM) conversion and its upgrading and suggest proper value-added utilization like producing fuel and feedstock for fine chemicals. Although the main components of LCBM are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the chemicals derived from LCBM differ significantly due to th...

Sample studies of the five-million-word American Heritage Intermediate Corpus, the largest yet for English, show the inadequacies of computerized word counts for lexicographical purposes. Out of about 87,000 word types listed in the American Heritage Word Frequency Book (by JOHN B. C~RorI. et alii, Houghton Mifflin-American Heritage, New York, 1971), only about 40 % seem distinctive lexical ite...

Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of low molecular mass, cysteine-rich proteins with a variety of functions including involvement in metal homeostasis, free radical scavenging, protection against heavy metal damage, and metabolic regulation via Zn donation. The overexpression of MTs in proliferating cells is turning the attention to the study of MTs as novel promising marker of tumor diseases....

Interest in ionic liquids for their potential in different chemical processes is constantly increasing, as they are claimed to be environmentally benign – excellent, nonvolatile solvents for a wide range of applications. The wide applicability of these compounds also demands reliable, relatively simple and reproducible analytical techniques. These methods must be applicable not only to differen...

Chromatographic analyses play an important role in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites. While the chemical standards of phase I metabolites are usually available from commercial sources or by various synthetic, degradation or isolation methods, the phase II drug metabolites have usually more complicated structures, their standards are in general inacces...

Chemical speciation refers to the distribution of an element amongst chemical species in a system. It is critical for understanding chemical toxicity, bioavailability, and environmental fate and transport. Despite the central importance of knowing the full speciation of a chemical in order to predict its behaviour in a system, it is generally not possible to determine a speciation analysis usin...