The government organizations grant incentives to promote green product consumption, improve green product quality, boost remanufacturing activities, etc. through various policies. The objective of this study is to highlight pros and cons of two incentive policies, namely (1) incentive on manufacturer’s R&D investment and (2) direct incentive to consumer based on greening level of the product on...

In this paper, a two stages method to determine suitable benchmark and return scale of the decision making units set is presented. At first, all of the efficient reference set in no radial data envelopment analysis (DEA) based on linear programming is found. first, RAM model is introduced and units is investigated using this model, then, to run the given algorithm below steps is performed. At t...

Modern portfolio theory is based on the relationship between risk and return and in this paper, specific uncertainty conditions are introduced as ambiguity which affects the asset pricing. Also, the relationship between risk, ambiguity and return is examined. First, ambiguity is estimated by the means of three-variable and main component method, trading volume, ask-bid spread, error of earnings...