Background and Objectives: Informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. Detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. Given that, this study aimed at pro...

Clean energy is currently a top priority on the global agenda, and green bonds have emerged as key response from financial markets. However, while these aim to reduce carbon emissions, they may create perverse incentives. Brazil has made significant investments in eolic parks recent years, with players issuing finance activities. One region that seen high levels of investment interior Bahia sta...

Introduction. Turbulence in the field of public finance on both national and global scale testifies to existence unresolved problems reconciling scientific postulates behind transformation development institution state. Crisis early twentieth century pandemic 2019-2020 have revealed ineffectiveness liberal models statehood, thus heightening urgency reinforcing efforts directed at studying fixin...

Background: Informal payments can cause delayed access to health care services, forcing people to sell their properties for cost of treatment; and as a result, they lose trust in the health system. Considering the importance of this issue, this study was conducted in 2016 to identify solutions to reduce and eliminate informal payments in Iran’s health system.    Methods: Initia...

Sub-Saharan Africa has increased its presence in GVCs but remains the least integrated area world. In this paper, we go a step further related literature and descend to firm-level data. Thus, identify determinants effects of GVC participation manufacturing firms region. We use indicators extensive intensive margins backward forward integration. find that good infrastructure, quality institution...

Association governance continues to take place, for the most part, virtually. The one exception period reported here was ACRL Executive Committee, which able meet in person October 10–12, 2022, at Indiana University (IU), thanks generosity of our IU hosts. That meeting included a hybrid with full Board Directors on 11, 2022. also met virtually January and February 2023, including an informal Up...

BACKGROUND The inverse care law proposing that medical services are distributed inversely to population health needs, and that this law operates more completely where medical care is most exposed to market forces, was first suggested by Tudor Hart in 1971. This paper considers whether an inverse care law can be observed for the provision of informal care as well as for medical care. AIM Using...