The knee joint The knee joint is a hinge type joint made up of the thigh bone (femur) and the shin bone (tibia). The knee joint has ligaments on the inside and the outside of the joint, (medial collateral ligament and lateral collateral ligament) and ligaments inside the joint itself, (anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligament). The joint surfaces are covered in cartilage and the cartil...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, and there is evidence that a majority of individuals over the age of 65 have radiographic and/or clinical evidence of OA. The most frequently affected sites are the hands, knees, hips and spine. Importantly, the symptoms are often associated with significant functional impairment, as well as signs and symptoms of inflammation, including pai...

PURPOSE To prospectively assess in a phantom the reconstruction errors and detection limits of cartilage thickness measurements obtained with multidetector computed tomographic (CT) arthrography, as a function of contrast agent concentration, scanning direction, spatial resolution, joint spacing, and tube current, with known measurements as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS A phan...

Cells of the musculoskeletal system are known to respond to mechanical loading and chondrocytes within the cartilage are not an exception. However, understanding how joint level loads relate to cell level deformations, e.g. in the cartilage, is not a straightforward task. In this study, a multi-scale analysis pipeline was implemented to post-process the results of a macro-scale finite element (...

The fixation of labelled sulphate ion, 35SO4, is a measure of chondroitin-sulphate synthesis by cartilage cells, and a most satisfactory way of testing the viability of these cells (Curran and Gibson, 1956). In the case of human tissues, the test must be made in vitro, by incubating suitable slices of cartilage, obtained at biopsy or necropsy, in a medium containing a known amount of sulphur is...

OBJECTIVE IL-4 plus IL-10 prevents blood-induced cartilage damage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether cartilage damage can still be averted by addition of IL-4 plus IL-10 when added after the onset of a bleed and whether aspiration of blood prior to addition of IL-4 plus IL-10 is of additive protective value. METHODS Healthy canine hip and human shoulder cartilage was expose...

Four patients with injuries of the acetabular triradiate cartilage are presented. In three of them premature fusion of the cartilage occurred; two of these developed acetabular deformity and subluxation of the hip. In all patients the sacroiliac joint also was injured; in two, the joint was completely disrupted, leading to fusion and growth disturbance of the ilium. As injury of the triradiate ...

protein-chondroitin sulfate bonds.8 No similar mammalian enzymes in joint tissues were found until Ziff, et al.' demonstrated an agent extracted from the synovial membrane in cases of acute rheumatoid arthritis and related this to its content of granulocytes. Since this type of inflammation is not usually seen in osteoarthritis, it is of considerable interest that Lack' has suggested blood plas...

The role of cathepsin K in joint degradation in a model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in cynomolgus monkey was examined using biochemical markers and histology. Joint swelling, urinary C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II), deoxypyridinoline (DPD), and N- and C-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX and CTX-I, resp.) were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry of type II collagen, cathepsin K,...

This is a review of joint-preservation techniques for the shoulder. Whereas the management of diffuse articular cartilage loss in the glenohumeral joints of elderly and less active patients by total shoulder arthroplasty is well accepted, significant controversy persists in selecting and refining successful operative techniques to repair symptomatic glenohumeral cartilage lesions in the shoulde...