Despite the recent development of immunotherapies that target programmed death-1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment, these therapies are less effective in NSCLC patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this lower efficacy of immunotherapies in EGFR mutant lung cancers ar...

Introduction Tumor PD-L1 expression is associated with increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in diverse solid tumors, including lung cancer. In addition, PD-L1 upregulation in tumor and/or stromal immune cells has been associated with increased clinical benefit to PD-1/ PD-L1 axis blockers. The significance of PD-L1 expression in different immune cell subpopulations at the tumor micro...

L1 is a family of long interspersed repetitive sequences in mammals that includes the BamHI family in rodents and the KpnI family in primates. Previous studies have shown that L1 repeats contain a long open reading frame and that the family evolves in concert. Working with 32 rodent elements for which DNA sequence is available, we used the distribution of replacement and synonymous changes to d...

BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma (AD) is a common variant of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD1/PD-L1) are promising immunotherapy targets and its expression may be an important biomarker of predicting clinical response. In this study, we evaluated PD-L1 expression in conjunction with clinicopathological characteristics and outc...

Photodynamic Therapy A biomimetic nanoemulsion camouflaged with a PD-1-expressing cell membrane was fabricated as described by Peng Huang et al. in their Research Article on page 10647. The PD-1 protein blocks the PD-L1 tumor cells to release immune brake.

The membrane-trafficking pathway mediated by tetanus neurotoxin-insensitive vesicle-associated membrane protein (TI-VAMP) in neurons is still unknown. We show herein that TI-VAMP expression is necessary for neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons in culture. TI-VAMP interacts with plasma membrane and endosomal target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein r...

Obesity-induced inflammation is crucial in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated effects Gracilaria chorda (GC) on lipid accumulation obesity-induced inflammatory changes or glucose homeostasis cell models (3T3-L1 adipocytes RAW 264.7 macrophages). Samples GC were extracted using solvents (water, methanol, ethanol) subcritical water (SW) at d...

Non-LTR retrotransposons such as L1 elements are major components of the mammalian genome, but their mechanism of replication is incompletely understood. Like retroviruses and LTR-containing retrotransposons, non-LTR retrotransposons replicate by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. The details of cDNA priming and integration, however, differ between these two classes. In retroviruses,...

Adipocyte differentiation and the extent of subsequent fat accumulation are closely related to the occurrence and progression of diseases such as insulin resistance and obesity. Black soybean koji (BSK) is produced by the fermentation of black soybean with Aspergilllus awamori. Previous study indicated that BSK extract has antioxidative and multifunctional bioactivities, however, the role of BS...