of English-language learners (ELLs) and other students from culturally non-mainstream backgrounds are longstanding. This article proposes that new paradigms in the research and practice related to ELL testing are needed to address the complexities of language and culture more effectively. Three main areas are identified as key to this paradigm shift: test review, test development, and treatment...

Many of the world's around 6,000 languages are in danger of disappearing as people give up use of a minority language in favor of the majority language in a process called language shift. Language shift can be monitored on a large scale through the use of mathematical models by way of differential equations, for example, reaction-diffusion equations. Here, we use a different approach: we propos...

The advancement of the mobile devices has created several benefits to humankind, extending them in field education as well. Since these are generally used by young generation, it becomes hard be neglected using language learning process. use applications for various purposes is commonly experienced Sri Lankan context Although frequently written and oral discourses, phrasal verbs (PVs) subject e...

The cultural background in language teaching has, for a number of reasons, recently moved to the foreground. Broadly speaking, there has been a shift in emphasis in course design from a pre-occupation with form to an interest in content. This article describes the results of a survey designed to elicit the views of students on what language teaching should be about. 400 students learning Englis...

To resolve various forms of definite reference u anaphora in particular early natural language understanding systems (reviewed in Hirst 1981) typically used a simple kind of history list of concepts previously mentioned in the input, with heuristics for selecting from this list. The history list was usually just a shift register containing the noun phrases from the last sentence or two, and the...

String matching is the problem of finding all the occurrences of a pattern in a text. We present a new method to compute a combinatorial shift function (“best matching shift”) of the well-known Boyer–Moore string matching algorithm. Moreover we conduct experiments showing that the algorithm using this best matching shift is the most efficient in particular cases such as the search for patterns ...