Software piracy and licensing are becoming increasingly important in the Software industry. With the advent of computer networks and the explosion in the number of computer users, new concepts in licensing have come forth. In this report, we study the various licensing solutions possible in a networked environment under different requirements and constraints. We then take a look at some existin...

We show the effects of product differentiation and product market competition on technology licensing by an outside innovator. For a certain range of product differentiation, both the innovator and the society prefer royalty licensing compared to auction (or fixed-fee), irrespective of Cournot and Bertrand competition, if the number of potential licensees is sufficiently large. Hence, for such ...

We study the incentives of a product innovator to license its product “partially” to a potential entrant. In a duopolistic setting we consider product design of a modular nature, which enables the incumbent to license some modules of its innovation. Competition is characterized by the size of the shared component of the product which determines the degree of product differentiation. Therefore, ...

OBJECTIVE To identify current entry requirements set by international medical licensing bodies for immigrating physicians, focusing on postgraduate level communication skills, clinical and technical skill assessments. METHODS A standardised, author developed survey was administered to a selection of national, state and provincial licensing institutions across 6 continents. Representative inst...

This paper revisits the standard analysis of licensing a cost reducing innovation by an outside innovator to a Cournot oligopoly. We propose a new mechanism that combines elements of a license auction with royalty licensing by granting the losers of the auction the option to sign a royalty contract. The optimal new mechanism eliminates the losses from exclusionary licensing without reducing bid...

We propose a general framework to attach the licensing terms to the data where the compatibility of the licensing terms concerning the data affected by a query is verified, and, if compatible, the licenses are combined into a composite license. The framework returns the composite license as licensing term about the data resulting from the query.

Natural killer (NK) cells acquire effector function through a licensing process and exert anti-leukemia/tumor effect. However, there is no means to promote a licensing effect of allogeneic NK cells other than cytomegalovirus reactivation-induced licensing in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in human. In mice, a licensing process is mediated by Ly49 receptors which recognize se...

Recent growth of the embedded system industry, both in size and complexity, resulted in numerous advantages for the consumer equipment and a few problems for the system designers. One of the problems is the software licensing problem in complex embedded systems. The fact that today’s embedded systems are evolved into fairly large and complex systems presents the need to effectively manage the e...

This paper revisits the licensing of a non–drastic process innovation by an outside innovator to a Cournot oligopoly. We propose a new mechanism that combines a restrictive license auction with royalty licensing. This mechanism is more profitable than standard license auctions, auctioning royalty contracts, fixed–fee licensing, pure royalty licensing, and two-part tariffs. The key features are ...