due to contiguous city of ravar with lut and dasht-e kavir desert, and weather conditions, water is one of the rarest agricultural inputs in this city. pistachio allocates 90% of garden and 73% of agricultural lands of the city and it is the most important agricultural product in this region. a major source of agricultural water supply in this area is groundwater. low price of water on one side...

heavy metals in water resource are one of the most important environmental problems of countries. chromium is considered as one of the important environmental pollutants due to its toxicity considered as water contaminant that may disturb metabolic activity. this research aims to study the potential of jujube fruit powder for low cost adsorption of cr (vi) in compression with granular activated...

[1] The depth of the active root zone identifies the portion of the subsurface that exchanges soil water with the atmosphere. The depth of this zone is determined by a number of factors, and this work focuses on the drivers related to water and climate. An analytical expression for a water-optimal root depth is developed by equating the marginal carbon cost and benefit of deeper roots. Soil-moi...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thrombolysis in acute stroke is effective up to 4.5 hours after symptom onset but relies on early recognition, prompt arrival in hospital, and timely brain scanning. This study aimed to establish the cost-effectiveness of increasing thrombolysis rates through a series of hypothetical change strategies designed to optimize the acute care pathway for stroke. METHODS A dec...

The regulator of a natural monopoly that sets a two-part tariff and whose marginal cost is stochastic will generally want the price to vary less than marginal cost when the lump-sum charge in the tariff is fixed. A trade-off exists between efficient pricing and an optimal allocation of risk. Pricing at marginal cost is only optimal when the consumer’s marginal utility is independent of the pric...

BACKGROUND Clinicians, hospital managers, policy makers, and researchers are concerned about high costs, increased demand, and variation in priorities in the intensive care unit (ICU). The objectives of this modelling study are to describe the extra costs and expected health gains associated with admission to the ICU versus the general ward for 30,712 patients and the variation in cost-effectiv...

BACKGROUND Controversy exists concerning the best treatment for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) when the National Institutes of Health consensus conference criteria for parathyroidectomy are not met. We hypothesized that parathyroidectomy would be more cost-effective than observation or pharmacologic therapy for these patients. METHODS Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed...

Countries with low marginal costs of abating carbon emissions may have high total costs, and vice versa, for a given climate mitigation policy. This may help to explain different countries' policy stances on climate mitigation. We hypothesize that, under a common percentage cut in emissions intensity relative to business as usual (BAU), countries with higher BAU emission intensities have lower ...