The Lax pseudo-differential operator plays a key role in studying the general set of KP equations, although it is normally treated in a formal way, without worrying about a complete characterization of its mathematical properties. The aim of the present paper is therefore to investigate the ellipticity condition. For this purpose, after a careful evaluation of the kernel with the associated sym...

This tutorial gives a basic yet rigorous introduction to observable operator models (OOMs). OOMs are a recently discovered class of models of stochastic processes. They are mathematically simple in that they require only concepts from elementary linear algebra. The linear algebra nature gives rise to an efficient, consistent, unbiased, constructive learning procedure for estimating models from ...

The new generation of mass spectrometers produces an astonishing amount of high-quality data in a brief period of time, leading to inevitable data analysis bottlenecks. Automated data analysis algorithms are required for rapid and repeatable processing of mass spectra containing hundreds of peaks, the part of the spectra containing information. New data processing algorithms must work with mini...

In four experiments, we explored the role of visual layout in rule-based syntactic judgments. Participants judged the validity of a set of algebraic equations testing their ability to apply the order of operations. In each experiment, a non-mathematical grouping pressure was manipulated to support or interfere with the mathematical convention. Despite the formal irrelevance of these grouping ma...

The article describes a new formal approach to model discrete stochastic processes, called observable operator models (OOMs). It is shown how hidden Markov models (HMMs) can be properly generalized to OOMs. These OOMs afford both mathematical simplicity and algorithmic efficiency, where HMMs exhibit neither. The observable operator idea also leads to an abstract, information-theoretic represent...

The article surveys the main topics, techniques, and results of the theory of periodic operators arising in mathematical physics and other areas. Close attention is paid to studying analytic properties of Bloch and Fermi varieties, which significantly influence most spectral features of such operators. The approaches described are applicable not only to the standard model example of Schrödinger...

We introduce a new concept of general $G$-$eta$-monotone operator generalizing the general $(H,eta)$-monotone operator cite{arvar2, arvar1}, general $H-$ monotone operator cite{xiahuang} in Banach spaces, and also generalizing $G$-$eta$-monotone operator cite{zhang}, $(A, eta)$-monotone operator cite{verma2}, $A$-monotone operator cite{verma0}, $(H, eta)$-monotone operator cite{fanghuang}...

This paper presents a new methodology based on Genetic Programming that aims to create novel mathematical expressions that could improve local descriptors algorithms. We introduce the RDGPILLUM descriptor operator that was learned with two image pairs considering rotation, scale and illumination changes during the training stage. Such descriptor operator has a similar performance to our previou...

In the 1980’s, the work of Frenkel, Lepowsky and Meurman, along with that of Borcherds, culminated in the notion of vertex operator algebra, and an example whose full symmetry group is the largest sporadic simple group: the Monster. Thus it was shown that the vertex operators of mathematical physics play a role in finite group theory. In this article we describe an extension of this phenomenon ...