Effects of nifedipine (10(-8)-10(-6) M), verapamil (10(-6)-3 x 10(-5) M) and Bay k 8644 (10(-7) M) on the contractions induced by transmural nerve stimulation or agonists were investigated in the circular smooth muscle of guinea pig vas deferens using a ring preparation. Transmural stimulation (20 Hz for 20 sec) produced biphasic contractions consisting of initial phasic and secondary tonic com...

background: several reservoir systems have been constructed for hydropower generation around the world. hydropower offers an economical source of electricity with reduce carbon emissions. therefore, it is such a clean and renewable source of energy. reservoirs that generate hydropower are typically operated with the goal of maximizing energy revenue. yet, reservoir systems are inefficiently ope...

GABA released from presynaptic sites induces short-lived phasic inhibition mediated by synaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and longer-duration tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic GABAA or GABAB receptors (GABABRs). A number of studies have found that contactin-associated protein 2 (Cntnap2) knockout (KO) mice, a well-established mouse model of autism, exhibit reduced interneuron numbers a...

We present a simple rate-reduced neuron model that captures a wide range of complex, biologically plausible, and physiologically relevant spiking behavior. This includes spike-frequency adaptation, postinhibitory rebound, phasic spiking and accommodation, first-spike latency, and inhibition-induced spiking. Furthermore, the model can mimic different neuronal filter properties. It can be used to...

We draw attention to studies indicating that phasic arousal increases interference effects in tasks necessitating the recruitment of cognitive control. We suggest that arousal-biased competition models such as GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) may be able to explain these findings by taking into account dynamic, within-trial changes in the relative salience of task-relevant and t...

Background: In contrast to strongly established views on the development of tonic, top-down controlled alertness, a small number neurobehavioral and neurophysiological studies deal with developmental trajectory exogenously driven phasic alertness during childhood. Objective: The current study aimed examine age sex effects alerting late childhood, analyse degree association between tonic at beha...