background:modafinil, a non-amphetamine central nervous system stimulant, is a wakefulness-promoting agent indicated for use in shift work sleep disorder, narcolepsy, and obstructive sleep apnea. the trend in modafinil overexposure over a ten-year period and the population likely to experience a resulting clinical effect is evaluated. methods: using data from the american association of poison ...

purpose: hypercapnia increases minute ventilation (v’e) with little effect on heart rate (hr), whereas hypoxia may increase hr without affecting v’e. however, the effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia on both heart rate variability (hrv) and the clustering of heart beats during spontaneous breathing (respiratory sinus arrhythmia – rsa), are not clear. methods: in this study, 10 human volunteers br...

Every day, complaints are filed against the medical staff due to Negligence with health and nervous system inflammation -related issues. Negligence in the legal sense, means that one does not perform assigned task. The task that the legislator has placed on that person. The legislator in the Islamic Penal Code, adopted in 1392, Defines negligence as carelessness or omission and also includes la...

In the process of neuronal inflammation, an increased in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) from immune cells (leukocytes and macrophages), brain cells (microglia, astrocytes and neurons) and in hippocampus, amygdala occurs. Raise the level of cytokines result in reduced in production of molecules that are related to plasticity, especially BDNF, IGF-1 and VEGF. Microglia ...

Saffron or Crocus sativus L. (C. sativus) has been widely used as a medicinal plant to promote human health, especially in Asia. The main components of saffron are crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. The median lethal doses (LD50) of C. sativus are 200 mg/ml and 20.7 g/kg in vitro and in animal studies, respectively. Saffron has been suggested to be effective in the treatment of a wide range of d...

one of the most important problems in neuroscience researches is the understanding what is the communication between the immune system and central nervous system. proinflammatory factors play an important role in this communication. the dysregulation of proinflammatory factors such as cytokines and chemokines is a central feature in the development of neuroinflammation.one of the important  cyt...