The cerebellum receives two excitatory afferents, the climbing fiber (CF) and the mossy fiber-parallel fiber (PF) pathway, both converging onto Purkinje cells (PCs) that are the sole neurons sending outputs from the cerebellar cortex. Glutamate receptor δ2 (GluRδ2) is expressed selectively in cerebellar PCs and localized exclusively at the PF-PC synapses. We found that a significant number of P...

Explaining the "prior-residence effect" (automatic owner status of individuals who arrived first in an area) was one of the very first applications of game theory in animal behavior. These models, however, predict paradoxical solutions where intruders always win, with no satisfactory explanation for the absence of such cases in nature. We propose a solution based on new developments in evolutio...

BACKGROUNDS To determine whether cold blood cardioplegia (CBCP) can get over coronary artery lesions, we analyzed the relationship between myocardial temperature changes and lesion severity of major coronary arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS From April 1991 to October 2003, we measured myocardial temperature before and after antegrade and retrograde delivery of CBCP in 492 patients undergoing con...

Aggressive encounters between animals often involve significant amounts of signalling before or in lieu of physical fights. When, as is often the case, these apparent threat signals are neither inherently costly nor inherently indicative of fighting ability, we should ask whether they are in fact honest signals, i.e. do they predict that escalation is imminent? While signalling theories have in...

BACKGROUND Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare disorder and is often difficult to diagnose due to the lack of a confirmatory test. PACNS can generally be diagnosed based on typical angiographic findings. We describe herein a patient diagnosed with PACNS despite the presence of normal findings on conventional angiography. CASE REPORT A 44-year-old man with a recent...

A marked increase in the incidence of syphilis in Australian Aborigines in the Northern Territory has occurred in recent years. A total of 287 syphilis notifications relating to Aborigines in the north west of the Northern Territory during the 12-month period from June, 1976, to May, 1977, are analysed. An outline of how the Northern Territory Medical Service plans to deal with the situation is...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical characteristics, risk factors, diagnostic modalities, treatments, subsequent outcomes and complications of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases residing in the Northern Territory. METHODS A retrospective case series was conducted of all patients treated for MDR-TB in the Northern Territory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013...