Tissue microenvironment plays a critical role in guiding local stem cell differentiation. Within the intervertebral disc, collagen type II and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells are two major components. This study aimed to investigate how collagen type II and NP cells affect adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) in a 3D environment. ASCs were cultured in collagen type I or type II hydrogels alone,...

Introduction and objectives: Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) is a serious global threat and World Health Organization (WHO) declared AMR is the one among 10 public health threat facing the humanity. Increase in Carbapenem resistant is the major problem which hinders the patient treatment. Various genes are responsible for carbapenem resistant but the gene bla-NDM has the ability to inactivate var...

Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, is a fatal disease and all the warm bloodedanimals are susceptible to this disease. Many livestock populated areas in Pakistan endemic forAnthrax (Thappa Karthikeyan 2001), therefore population annually vaccinatedagainst Anthrax. Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) has been producing Anthrax Spore Vaccine(ASV) for couple of decades. The current study was d...

Cytotoxic and neuroinflammatory effects of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) in human airways are mediated by nerve growth factor (NGF), which is also implicated in the pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to TiO2-NP results in increased susceptibility to RSV infection and exacerbation of airway inflammation via NGF-mediated induction...

BACKGROUND Previous cell culture and animal in vivo studies indicate the obvious effects of mechanical compression on disc cell biology. However, the effects of dynamic compression magnitude, frequency and duration on the immature nucleus pulposus (NP) from an organ-cultured disc are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a relatively wide range of compressive magnitudes...

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an annual plant of the daisy family, Asteraceae, with high food and medicinal value. However, the crop is susceptible to several viruses that are transmitted by aphids and is highly vulnerable to post-harvest diseases, as well as insect and mammal pests and fungal and bacterial diseases. Here, the rabbit defensin gene NP-1 was transferred into lettuce by Agrobacte...