BACKGROUND Childbirth fear is reported to affect around 20% of women. However reporting on levels of symptom severity vary. Unlike Scandinavian countries, there has been limited focus on childbirth fear in Australia. The aim of this paper is to determine the prevalence of low, moderate, high and severe levels of childbirth fear in a large representative sample of pregnant women drawn from a lar...

abstract background: childbirth is accompanied with enormous physical and emotional changes in mothers. anxiety is the most common problem among these patients. this study was aimed to determine the effect of the presence of trained husbands beside their wives during childbirth on their anxiety. materials and methods: in a randomized control trial, 84 primiparous women were enrolled in childbir...

The aim of the research is to increase knowledge self-esteem and quality communication in marriage women after childbirth, taking into account number their children. group included 95 childbirth who completed authors’ own sociodemographic questionnaire two psychological standardized measures, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) Marriage Communication Questionnaire by Kaźmierczak Plopa. It was fou...

BACKGROUND Maternal mortality remains high in sub-Saharan Africa. Health facility intra-partum strategies with skilled birth attendance have been shown to be most effective to address maternal mortality. In Zambia, the health policy for pregnant women is to have facility childbirth, but less than half of the women utilize the facilities for delivery. 'Born before arrival' (BBA) describes childb...

I analyze the relationship between labor intensity – the wages to revenue ratio – and a firm’s risk and book-to-market ratio in a production model. Under plausible parameters, labor intensive firms are riskier and exhibit higher book-to-market ratios than capital intensive firms. Covariance with the stochastic discount factor grows with labor intensity so the return spread between labor and cap...

background: the occurrence of maternal death would threaten the family foundation and children's health. determining important factors affecting this indicator can help us adopt strategies to prevent similar deaths. the aim of this study was to determine the causes of maternal deaths during childbirth in ilam, iran  in 2001-10. methods: in a descriptive, retrospective study, all 25 dead mothers...

The position of Pakistan is compared with respect to other members of the 3rd world according to social and economic indicators of development. A total of 97 countries (32 from Asia and Pacific, 41 from Africa, and 24 from Latin America) are included in the definition of the 3rd world countries. 2 separate procedures are used in the analysis. The first relates to a ranking of the countries o...