Mirror augmented photovoltaic (MAPV) systems utilize low cost mirrors to couple more light into a photovoltaic (PV) absorber. By increasing the light absorbed, they are expected to produce less expensive electricity. As a substrate candidate for back surface reflector mirrors, two grades of PMMA have been exposed to UV stress from two sources at two intensities for two doses in an effort to see...

one of the most main head in governments is to achieve the energy for their countries. as the fossil sources are at their ends and also they cause greenhouse emission and environment pollution, shifting to renewable sources of energy is an indispensable alternative for most countries. the sun is the most important renewable energy source. to assessment reachable solar radiation in mashhad from ...

between of effective factors in agricultural crops production, climatic conditions is an important task from the view of environmental variables. on the other hand the basic in agricultural development is having detailed knowledge of the environmental characteristics in any place and applying specific management. saffron as the world's most valuable agricultural and medicinal product is among t...

models can be used to predict crop yield and inputs levels such as fertilizer, in order to conduct programming for the management of probable future crisis. in this study, based on the model, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter partitioning in shoot and root of sugar beet was predicted. for model construction, data were collected from an experiment conducted in karaj city in 2001. i...

This paper presents two new modeling components based on the object modeling system v3 (OMS3) for the calculation of the shortwave incident radiation (Rsw ↓) on complex topography settings, and the implementation of several ancillary tools. The first component, NewAGE-SwRB, accounts for elevation slope, aspect, shadow of the sites, and uses suitable parameterization for obtaining the cloudless ...

passive solar systems such as solar chimneys need solar radiation in order to work. therefore, they cannot present stable natural ventilation when solar energy vanishes: to have a more robust and stable condition, solar energy should be stored during the day and released back during the night. phase change materials can save additional thermal energy during the day and release it during the nig...

A practical exercise for developing a simple cost-effective solar ultraviolet radiation dosimeter is presented for use by middle school science students. Specifically, this exercise investigates a series of experiments utilising the historical blue print reaction, combining ammonium iron citrate and potassium hexacyanoferrate to develop an ultraviolet sensitive solution. The activity is intende...

Current software solutions for solar-radiation modeling in 3D focus on the urban environment. Most of published tools do not implement methods to consider complex objects, such as greenery their models or they expect a rather mesh represent objects. Their use an environment that is difficult geometrically, vegetation-covered areas, limited. In this paper, we present newly developed tool focused...