We propose a novel logic, Frame Logic (FL), that extends first-order logic and recursive definitions with construct Sp (·) captures the implicit supports of formulas—the precise subset universe upon which their meaning depends. Using such supports, we formulate proof rules facilitate frame reasoning elegantly when underlying model undergoes change. show is expressive by capturing several data-s...

We introduce PHFL, a probabilistic extension of higher-order fixpoint logic, which can also be regarded as temporal logics such PCTL and the $\mu^p$-calculus. show that PHFL is strictly more expressive than $\mu^p$-calculus, model-checking problem for finite Markov chains undecidable even $\mu$-only, order-1 fragment PHFL. Furthermore full far expressive: we give translation from Lubarsky's $\m...

Objective:Privatization is considered as one of the most important components of new public management with its pros and cons. However, privatization has been accepted and implemented as a policy in the whole political and economic system of Iran, but the barriers and dysfunctions of privatization policy implementation has reduced its effectiveness and efficiency in solving the problems of the ...

We introduce a new formal logic, called equality propositional logic. It has two basic connectives, $boldsymbol{wedge}$ (conjunction) and $equiv$ (equivalence). Moreover, the $Rightarrow$ (implication) connective can be derived as $ARightarrow B:=(Aboldsymbol{wedge}B)equiv A$. We formulate the equality propositional logic and demonstrate that the resulting logic has reasonable properties such a...

Updated legal corpora have been indicated by the European Union as fundamental to eDemocracy, and member states looking to set up eGovernment initiatives are acting on that input. However, the usual automation of legal consolidation presents shortcomings, namely, the collapse of temporal dimensions and local views of normative systems. This paper presents solutions to these shortcomings by prov...