Objective: The present study aimed to review the literature on non-pharmacological interventions used to treat stereotyped and repetitive behaviors by a systematic method. Methods: Two authors independently performed a search strategy on Medline/PubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO on English articles published up to April 23, 2014 with relevant search keywords. We also reviewed the bibliographies of...

Research on assessing craving in laboratory settings often involves inducing and then measuring craving in subjects. Cue-induced craving is studied in laboratory settings using the cue reactivity paradigm, in which drug-related photos, videos, evocative scripts, olfactory cues, and paraphernalia may induce craving. Cue-induced craving evoked by drug-related stimuli could be associated with rela...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) on pain and pulmonary function during the postoperative period after thoracic surgery by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. METHODS The search strategy included MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE and LILACS, besides a manual search, from inception to August, 2011. R...

Children often experience pain in different stage of life. After birth, newborns are exposed to many painful attempts and their anxiety levels increase with it. These lead metabolic or physiological problems newborns. Excessive protein expenditure when for a long time, electrolyte inhalation, weakening the immune system. Even repetitive procedures mortality morbidity. due acute onset diseases s...

Thiomalyl chitosan (TCS), a pH sensitive thiolated chitosan derivative, was developed and investigated towards oral protein delivery application. Particles of z-average 364 ± 5.6 nm with a negative zeta potential of 14.4 mV was obtained by tripolyphosphate cross linking of TCS. The release of insulin from TCS particles was significantly restricted at pH 1.2 minimizing up to about < 10% in 3 hou...

BACKGROUND Circadian variation may affect many biological and pharmacological phenomena. METHODS To assess circadian variations in labour pain perception, 222 consecutive nulliparous women with uncomplicated pregnancy, spontaneous labour, cervical dilatation (3-5 cm), ruptured membranes and normal fetal heart rate tracings were studied. Visual analogue pain scores (VAPS) were analysed and div...

A unique molecular library consisting of all sixteen synthetic ADMDP (1-aminodeoxy-DMDP) stereoisomers has been prepared and evaluated for inhibitory activity against α-Gal A, and ability to impart thermal stabilization of this enzyme. The results of this testing led us to develop a novel pharmacological chaperone for the treatment of Fabry disease. 3-Epimer ADMDP was found to be an effective p...

Heterozygous null mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) cause early-onset obesity in humans, indicating that metabolic homeostasis is sensitive to quantitative variation in MC4R function. Most of the obesity-causing MC4R mutations functionally characterized so far lead to intracellular retention of receptors by the cell's quality control system. Thus, recovering cell surface expressio...

The chick embryo cardiomyocyte model of cell culture is a staple technique in many physiology and pharmacology laboratories. Despite the relative simplicity, robustness, and reproducibility inherent in this model, it can be used in a variety of ways to yield important new insights that help facilitate student understanding of underlying physiological and pharmacological concepts as well as, mor...