background & aim: pain is the main stressful factor in patients hospitalized in intensive care units(icu). non-pharmacological methods for pain relief are preferred by icu patients due to lack of considerable side effects. the present research aims to determine the effect of tens on pain intensity followed by surgery in patients hospitalized in intensive care units. setting of the study was bes...

In a study of human yawning Robert Provine (1986) remarked that yawning is a prominent stereotyped action pattem and releasing stimulus which “does not deserve its current status as a minor behavioural curiosity”. Indeed, “yawning may have the dubious distinction of being the least understood, common, human behaviour”. In contrast, a large body of experimental data has been collected during the...