The expanding phenomenon of dieback is caused by the reaction of trees against the harmful biotic and a biotic factor that lead to dying of shoots and branches of trees from upper crown to lower crown. This phenomenon spreads throughout the leaves and branches and all parts of the plant and may finally lead to the death of the plant. This study aimed to identify species dieback especially Carpi...

This paper proposes a new idea, shaping the control signal, and generalizes the time-delay-filter-based deadbeat control for processes with dead time to two-level control so that the controller saturation is avoided. The controller mimics experienced manual operations to provide a two-level control signal. At first, the controller outputs a value close to the maximal value and then the controll...

The impact of military training activities (primarily foot traffic) on soils and vegetation was assessed at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, USA. In May-June 1998 after 2 years of intensive training use, mean bulk densities of the top 6 cm of soil in the high-use site (1.37 g/cm(3)) and moderate-use site (1.30 g/cm(3)) were significantly different from bulk density of the referenc...

Fractional factorial split-plot designs are widely used when it is impractical to perform fractional experiments in a completely random order. When there too many subplots per whole plot, or few plots, with replicated settings of the plot factors preferred. However, such an important study undeveloped literature. This paper considers WP from viewpoint clear effects. We investigate sufficient an...

In some experiments, the levels of factors are difficult to change; then fractional factorial split-plot (FFSP) designs suitable for selection. an FFSP design, divided into two classes—the whole plot (WP) and subplot (SP) factors. selection WP can affect that SP factors, which attracts much attention Paying more a new optimality criterion selecting such is proposed. The robustness proposed meth...

Understanding population dynamics requires reliable estimates of population density, yet this basic information is often surprisingly difficult to obtain. With rare or difficult-to-capture species, genetic surveys from noninvasive collection of hair or scat has proved cost-efficient for estimating densities. Here, we explored whether noninvasive genetic sampling (NGS) also offers promise for sa...