Islanded operation of distributed generators is a problem that can take place when they are connected to a distribution system. In this paper an islanding detection method is presented for inverter based distributed generation (DG) using under/over voltage relay. The method is an adaptive one and is based on the change of DG active power reference (Pref) in inverter control interface. The activ...

We introduce a simple additive process for equity index derivatives. The model generalizes Lévy Normal Tempered Stable processes (e.g. NIG and VG) with time-dependent parameters. It accurately fits the volatility surfaces in whole time range of quoted instruments, including options small time-horizon (days) long (years). via its characteristic function. This allows using classical Fourier prici...

Power systems are composed of power units that are constantly connected to each other and the electric power flux is constantly moving between them. All systems must be implemented in such a way that not only under normal conditions but also unwanted inputs or disturbances, are applied. It also remains stable or returns to a stable name at the earliest possible time. The fundamental factors...