abstract wenner direct contact method is a method of estimating apparent electrical conductivity (eca) of agricultural soils in situ. this method can be affected by factors such as quality of electrodes in contact with soil, type of employed electric current, moisture content, clay content and compaction of soil. in this research, the effect of electrode type (rod and plate) and electric curren...

Although systems with intersection types have many unique capabilities, there has never been a fully satisfactory explicitly typed system with intersection types. We introduce and prove the basic properties of λ, a typed λ-calculus with branching types and types with quantification over type selection parameters. The new system λ is an explicitly typed system with the same expressiveness as a s...

Recent years have seen an increase in research articles and reviews exploring mathematical difficulties (MD). Many of these articles have set out to explain the etiology of the problems, the possibility of different subtypes, and potential brain regions that underlie many of the observable behaviors. These articles are very valuable in a research field, which many have noted, falls behind that ...

Maria Franzini, Alfonso Pompella and Alessandro Corti* 1 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio – CNR, Pisa, Italy 2 Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy 3 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical School, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy *Correspondence: alessandro.corti@me...

The biomedical research complex has been estimated to consume almost a quarter of a trillion US dollars every year. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that a high proportion of this sum is avoidably wasted. In 2014, The Lancet published a series of five reviews showing how dividends from the investment in research might be increased from the relevance and priorities of the questions being asked, ...

There are two regularities we have learned from experimental studies of choice under risk. The first is that the majority of people weigh objective probabilities non-linearly. The second regularity, although less commonly acknowledged, is that there is a large amount of heterogeneity in how people distort probabilities. Despite of this, little effort has been made to identify the source of hete...

BACKGROUND Qualitative systematic reviews or qualitative evidence syntheses (QES) are increasingly recognised as a way to enhance the value of systematic reviews (SRs) of clinical trials. They can explain the mechanisms by which interventions, evaluated within trials, might achieve their effect. They can investigate differences in effects between different population groups. They can identify w...

PURPOSE Standards for reporting exist for many types of quantitative research, but currently none exist for the broad spectrum of qualitative research. The purpose of the present study was to formulate and define standards for reporting qualitative research while preserving the requisite flexibility to accommodate various paradigms, approaches, and methods. METHOD The authors identified guide...