Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) not only induces uncharacteristic clinical symptoms but also increases morbidity and mortality [1, 2]. The recent introduction of vaptans acting as V2-receptor antagonists considerably improved the unconvincing results of conventional treatment consisting of fluid restriction potentially combined with sodium supplementation and/or...

BACKGROUND our aim was to measure the osmolality of several PN formulas at different component concentrations to determine if equations described in literature to calculate osmolarity accurately predict osmolalality in other experimental conditions different than these used to develop them. METHODS osmolality of 12 different types of PN solutions, 9 for central and 3 for peripheral perfusion ...

The control of water balance in multicellular organisms depends on absorptive and secretory processes across epithelia. This study concerns the effects of osmolality on the function of the Malpighian tubules (MTs), a major component of the insect excretory system. Previous work has shown that the biogenic amine tyramine increases transepithelial chloride conductance and urine secretion in Droso...

THE SERUM Na concentration is the primary determinant of plasma osmolality, and, as such, it has key role in regulating the transcellular distribution of water. Typically, osmolality is tightly regulated (between 285 and 290 mosM/kg) and maintained through modulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion and changes in renal tubular reabsorption/excretion of free water. Thirst plays a seconda...

AIM To evaluate the changes in the osmolality of expressed breast milk (EBM) after the addition of seven additives and four proprietary fortifiers commonly used during neonatal intensive care. METHODS The osmolality of 5 ml EBM was measured with increasing doses of 6% NaCl, caffeine, sodium ironedetate, folic acid, and multivitamin drops. Sodium acid phosphate and chloral hydrate were added t...

INTRODUCTION A disturbed regulation mechanism of arginine vasopressin secretion in response to plasma osmolality and volaemia changes occurs in hypothyroidism. The aim of this study was to determine plasma arginine vasopressin concentration in hypothyroid women under conditions of a low sodium diet and in an upright position. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-six women with primary hypothyroidism a...

For preterm infants, it is common practice to add human milk fortifiers to native breast milk to enhance protein and calorie supply because the growth rates and nutritional requirements of preterm infants are considerably higher than those of term infants. However, macronutrient intake may still be inadequate because the composition of native breast milk has individual inter- and intra-sample v...

Introduction: In the recent years, effect of hypertonic solution in resuscitation of shock has been shown by clinical and laboratory studies. On the other hand ATP-MgCl2 is used for better tissue perfusion and cardiac output in shock. The aim of this study is evaluation of ATP-MgCl2 with hypertonic solution in resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock. Materials and Methods: In this experimental stud...

Fortunately, hypernatraemia is not a common problem, occurring in <1% of patients in an acute care hospital. It is serious, however, as hypernatraemia is correlated with a high mortality rate [1]. A major reason that hypernatraemia is so rare in conscious adults is the presence of powerful, highly regulated responses to a rise in plasma osmolality, namely thirst and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) ...