toos fertile plain, located between two mountain ranges hezarmasjed and binalood, has attracted different ethnic groups through ages due to environmental conditions, and has provided a proper ground for human inhabitation and continuation of life since oldest times. discovery of handmade tools dated to lower paleolithic age in the middle of the plain and banks of kashaf river (kashaf rud), exis...

The research project “Grassroots GIS” focuses on the development of low-cost mapping and publishing methods for slums and slum-upgrading projects in Manila. In this project smartphones, collaborative mapping and 3D visualization applications are systematically employed to support landscape architectural analysis and design work in the context of urban poverty and urban informal settlements. In ...

This paper discusses some of the major problems that have made it difficult to acquire and manage spatial information in the periurban areas of Botswana. The main problems include the separate historic development of urban and peri-urban settlements; contrasts in land tenure; and the acquisition and organization of data, and management of information on peri-urban areas along sectoral lines. In...

despite all attractions of social participation in most parts of the rural development, due to the lack of practical approaches, it has just remained an advertising slogan. one of the necessities of rural development is the execution of plans which enjoy maximum social acceptance. one of these plans is locating and equipping high-order service settlements. using an operative process including e...

legal fiction as a legal mechanism in various legal systems especially in formalist and inflexible legal systems is original subject of this article. in this article be analysed the nature and elements of legal fiction and its historical role in ancient roman law system and common law with comparative study in iran legal system. legal fiction as a legal mechanism in various legal systems especi...

In many urban centres in the global South, there is little or no information on either the scale or the causes of premature death, serious injury, illness or impoverishment. In sub-Saharan Africa, this is the case for most urban centres. Even where there may be some information, it is seldom available for every district in the city. We get some sense of the scale of these issues from household ...

A name cannot change the city and our relationship with places. However, new terms for now-nameless spaces will help to change people’s perception and their capability of seeing what they have never seen before. The geographer’s taxonomic effort to re-designate urban places and typologies involves a political and ideological content. Most urban spaces are unmanageable because they fit neither w...