A flux chamber was utilized for in vitro studies of a membrane formed by the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid of the eye of the toad (Bufo arenarum and Bufo marinus). A transmembrane potential of 20 to 30 mv was found, the pigment epithelium surface positive with respect to the choroidal surface. Unidirectional fluxes of chloride, sodium, potassium, and calcium were determined in the abse...

Because of an upcoming modernization of the electric system in unit 3 and 4 at Ringhals AB, new short-circuit current calculations have to be made. This report focuses on the development of a model of the electric power system in a nuclear power plant in order to perform short-circuit current calculations. In this model, different components can be exchanged in order to investigate future adjus...

nowadays, high-voltage circuit breakers have reached such high short-circuit capabilities that testing them under the full rated voltage is generally not possible with direct tests, and they are conducted by using the synthetic test methods. although the phenomena associated with making tests is of particular importance especially in case of load break switches, but making tests are rather disr...

this paper presents a fault location technique for transmission lines with minimum current measurement. this algorithm investigates proper current ratios for fault location problem based on thevenin theory in faulty power networks and calculation of short circuit currents in each branch. these current ratios are extracted regarding lowest sensitivity on thevenin impedance variations of the netw...

The resistive-inductive-capacitive behavior of long interconnects which are driven by CMOS gates are presented in this paper. The analysis is based on the π-model of a RLC load and is developed for submicron devices. Accurate and analytical expressions for the output load voltage, the propagation delay and the short circuit power dissipation have been proposed after solving a system of differen...

Thylakoid membranes have previously been used for electrochemical solar energy conversion, but the current output and open circuit voltage are low, in part due to limitations of the cathode. In this paper, a thylakoid bioanode and laccase biocathode were combined in the construction of a bio-solar cell capable of light-induced generation of electrical power. This two-compartment cell showed a g...

This study was designed to examine the effect of adrenal steroid hormones on the response of the toad bladder to vasopressin. Aldosterone enhanced the short-circuit current response, the osmotic water flow response, and the urea permeability response to vasopressin. Since aldosterone also enhanced the short-circuit current response and the osmotic water flow response to adenosine 3',5'-monophos...

A crucial issue facing polymer-based solar cells is how to manage the energetics of the polymer/fullerene blends to maximize short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage at the same time and thus the power conversion efficiency. Here we demonstrate that the use of a naphthobisoxadiazole-based polymer with a narrow bandgap of 1.52 eV leads to high open-circuit voltages of approximately...

The use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to improve and tailor the photovoltaic performance of plasmonic hot-electron Schottky solar cells is presented. SAMs allow the simultaneous control of open-circuit voltage, hot-electron injection and short-circuit current. To that end, a plurality of molecule structural parameters can be adjusted: SAM molecule's length can be adjusted to control plasm...