TWC modes. Results indicate that the oceanic evolution for both modes is consistent with wind stress induced verticallyintegrated, meridional mass transport into and out of the equatorial Pacific—i.e. a charging and discharging of the equatorial Pacific—despite having distinctly different wind stress anomaly patterns. The process-based similarity between these two modes of tropical Pacific wind...

To characterize Michigan’s high viral meningitis incidence rates, 8,803 cases from 1993–2001 were analyzed for standard epidemiological indices, geographic distribution, and spatio-temporal clusters. Blacks and infants were found to be high-risk groups. Annual seasonality and interannual variability in epidemic magnitude were apparent. Cases were concentrated in southern Michigan, and cumulativ...

Standard color-matching functions are de

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an economically important pest of ornamental plant in Iran. The population abundance and spatial distribution were studied on five Rosa cultivars including Maroussia, Wendela, Elderado, Wenedetta, and Hot Lady during two growing seasons of 2011 and 2012 in greenhouse. The k parameter, index of dispersion, Lloyd’s m...

Landscape pattern metrics are widely used for predicting habitat and species diversity. However, the relationship between landscape pattern and species diversity is typically measured at a single spatial scale, even though both landscape pattern, and species occurrence and community composition are scale-dependent. While the eff ects of scale on landscape pattern are well documented, the eff ec...

Rats experienced a spatial pattern of baited and unbaited arms in an eight-arm radial maze. The spatial pattern remained constant over trials, but the spatial locations that were baited varied unpredictably. Although there was no evidence of control by the spatial pattern during free choice training trials, the rats' ability to locate baited arms in forced choice test trials was superior to tha...

the significance of spatial heterogeneity in understanding ecological processes has been recognized long ago. one of the earliest expressions of this recognition is the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis that links spatial  heterogeneity to niche vegetation patterns formation and species coexistence. yet, an  important if not crucial  aspect of landscape heterogeneity has escaped deep considerati...

This paper presents the methodology and theory for automatic spatial pattern discovery from multiple attributed relational graph samples. The spatial pattern is modelled as a mixture of probabilistic parametric attributed relational graphs. A statistic learning procedure is designed to learn the parameters of the spatial pattern model from the attributed relational graph samples. The learning p...